An interpersonal, dynamic communication process between a client and a trained counselor (who is bound by a code of ethics and practice) that tries to resolve personal, social or psychological problems and difficulties.

In the context of an HIV diagnosis, counseling aims to encourage the client to explore important personal issues, identify ways of coping with anxiety and stress, and plan for the future (e.g., keeping healthy, adhering to treatment, preventing transmission). When counseling in the context of a negative HIV test result, the focus is on exploring the client’s motivation, options, and skills to stay HIV-negative. (UNAIDS Terminology Guidelines, 2015)